Bayer Crop Science: Dr. Ryan Rector
University of Arkansas: Dr. Jason Norsworthy
Purdue University: Dr. Bryan Young
Michigan State University: Dr. Christy Sprage
University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Dr. Greg Kruger
University of Guelph: Dr. Peter Sikkema
University of Wisconsin-Madison: Dr. Rodrigo Werle
Experiment locations of the large volatility dicamba study in 2018
The study was conducted in a soybean field at Proctor, Arkansas (Figure 1)
Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Arkansas.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Arkansas presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 22 and 29 days after treatment (DAT) but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.
Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]
where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). Data from 22 and 29 DAT are presented.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Arkansas presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 22 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.
Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).
Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Arkansas.
| Parameter | Transect | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | West Transect 1 | 3.99 ± 1.13 | 3.51 | 0.02 * |
| Slope | West Transect 2 | 3.87 ± 1.12 | 3.45 | 0.02 * |
| Slope | West Transect 3 | 1.84 ± 0.88 | 2.08 | 0.10 |
| Asymptote | West Transect 1 | 44.92 ± 5.81 | 7.73 | 0.00 ** |
| Asymptote | West Transect 2 | 52.59 ± 8.63 | 6.09 | 0.00 ** |
| Asymptote | West Transect 3 | 117.40 ± 353.09 | 0.33 | 0.75 *** |
| ED50 | West Transect 1 | 25.73 ± 3.11 | 8.25 | 0.00 ** |
| ED50 | West Transect 2 | 24.12 ± 3.59 | 6.71 | 0.00 ** |
| ED50 | West Transect 3 | 8.54 ± 20.73 | 0.41 | 0.70 |
| Transect | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| West Transect 1 | 66.36 ± 11.30 | 35.20 ± 2.04 | 27.19 ± 2.92 |
| West Transect 2 | 66.82 ± 11.08 | 35.07 ± 2.19 | 27.36 ± 3.16 |
| West Transect 3 | 111.95 ± 140.36 | 30.85 ± 56.57 | 20.11 ± 40.84 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| West Transect 1/West Transect 2:E1/E1 | 0.99 ± 0.23 | -0.02 | 0.97 |
| West Transect 1/West Transect 3:E1/E1 | 0.59 ± 0.75 | -0.53 | 0.61 |
| West Transect 2/West Transect 3:E1/E1 | 0.59 ± 0.76 | -0.53 | 0.62 |
| West Transect 1/West Transect 2:E10/E10 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.96 |
| West Transect 1/West Transect 3:E10/E10 | 1.14 ± 2.11 | 0.06 | 0.94 |
| West Transect 2/West Transect 3:E10/E10 | 1.13 ± 2.10 | 0.06 | 0.95 |
| West Transect 1/West Transect 2:E20/E20 | 0.99 ± 0.15 | -0.04 | 0.96 |
| West Transect 1/West Transect 3:E20/E20 | 1.35 ± 2.77 | 0.12 | 0.90 |
| West Transect 2/West Transect 3:E20/E20 | 1.36 ± 2.79 | 0.13 | 0.90 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the upwind west transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.
| Parameter | Transect | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | East Transect 1 | 3.44 ± 0.35 | 9.60 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | East Transect 2 | 2.46 ± 0.22 | 10.82 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | East Transect 3 | 2.03 ± 0.22 | 9.26 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | East Transect 1 | 50.26 ± 1.97 | 25.47 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | East Transect 2 | 52.20 ± 2.35 | 22.18 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | East Transect 3 | 51.90 ± 4.07 | 12.72 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | East Transect 1 | 69.44 ± 2.95 | 23.47 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | East Transect 2 | 71.08 ± 4.18 | 17.00 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | East Transect 3 | 52.02 ± 6.01 | 8.64 | 0.00 *** |
| Transect | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| West Transect 1 | 215.55 ± 22.21 | 104.09 ± 4.36 | 78.32 ± 2.95 |
| West Transect 2 | 350.70 ± 41.41 | 127.46 ± 6.04 | 86.23 ± 4.23 |
| West Transect 3 | 358.72 ± 47.04 | 105.18 ± 7.22 | 65.44 ± 6.30 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| EastTransect 1/East Transect 2:E1/E1 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | -4.00 | 0.00 |
| East Transect 1/East Transect 3:E1/E1 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | -3.98 | 0.00 |
| East Transect 2/East Transect 3:E1/E1 | 0.97 ± 0.17 | -0.12 | 0.89 |
| East Transect 1/East Transect 2:E10/E10 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | -3.54 | 0.00 |
| East Transect 1/East Transect 3:E10/E10 | 0.98 ± 0.07 | -0.12 | 0.89 |
| East Transect 2/East Transect 3:E10/E10 | 1.21 ± -0.10 | 2.09 | 0.04 |
| East Transect 1/East Transect 2:E20/E20 | 0.90 ± 0.05 | -1.63 | 0.11 |
| East Transect 1/East Transect 3:E20/E20 | 1.19 ± 0.12 | 1.58 | -0.11 |
| East Transect 2/East Transect 3:E20/E20 | 1.32 ± 0.14 | 2.22 | -0.03 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind east transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the upwind west transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind east transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.
| Parameter | Transect | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | N | 7.25 ± 1.75 | 4.13 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | E | 1.82 ± 0.26 | 6.81 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | S | 2.62 ± 0.28 | 9.10 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | W | 2.22 ± 0.32 | 6.95 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | N | 45.54 ± 0.92 | 48.99 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | E | 73.78 ± 12.36 | 5.96 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | S | 57.18 ± 2.96 | 19.28 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | W | 51.45 ± 4.65 | 11.05 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | N | 273.69 ± 7.41 | 36.91 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | E | 27.77 ± 6.36 | 4.36 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | S | 62.73 ± 4.09 | 15.30 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | W | 42.61 ± 5.06 | 8.42 | 0.00 *** |
| Transect | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 461.94 ± 67.33 | 325.98 ± 20.67 | 283.10 ± 9.34 |
| E | 292.17 ± 50.04 | 76.79 ± 8.82 | 47.80 ± 7.70 |
| S | 291.65 ± 39.08 | 113.37 ± 5.99 | 79.47 ± 4.10 |
| W | 247.68 ± 44.95 | 80.67 ± 6.31 | 52.21 ± 5.15 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| E/N:ED1/ED1 | 0.63 ± 0.14 | -2.58 | 0.01 |
| E/S:ED1/ED1 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.99 |
| E/W:ED1/ED1 | 1.17 ± 0.29 | 0.61 | 0.54 |
| N/S:ED1/ED1 | 1.58 ± 0.31 | 1.86 | 0.06 |
| N/W:ED1/ED1 | 1.86 ± 0.43 | 1.99 | 0.05 |
| S/W:ED1/ED1 | 1.17 ± 0.26 | 0.66 | 0.50 |
| E/N:ED10/ED10 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | -24.7 | 0.00 |
| E/S:ED10/ED10 | 0.67 ± 0.08 | -3.76 | 0.00 |
| E/W:ED10/ED10 | 0.95 ± 0.13 | -0.36 | 0.71 |
| N/S:ED10/ED10 | 2.87 ± 0.23 | 7.90 | 0.00 |
| N/W:ED10/ED10 | 4.04 ± 0.40 | 7.46 | 0.00 |
| S/W:ED10/ED10 | 1.40 ± 0.13 | 3.05 | 0.00 |
| E/N:ED20/ED20 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | -2.99 | 0.00 |
| E/S:ED20/ED20 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | -3.91 | 0.00 |
| E/W:ED20/ED20 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | -0.48 | 0.06 |
| N/S:ED20/ED20 | 3.56 ± 0.21 | 1.17 | 0.00 |
| N/W:ED20/ED20 | 5.42 ± 0.56 | 7.83 | 0.00 |
| S/W:ED20/ED20 | 1.52 ± 0.16 | 3.08 | 0.00 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of four sides of the treated area (N, E, S, W) at 29 DAT in Arkansas.
The study was conducted in a soybean field at XXXXX of the Purdue University (Figure X).
Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Indiana.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Indiana presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.
Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]
where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Arkansas presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.
Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).
Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Indiana.
Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Indiana
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 1.01 ± 0.68 | 1.47 | 0.16 |
| Slope | Uncover | 2.24 ± 0.29 | 7.72 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 100 | ||
| Asymptote | Uncover | 100 | ||
| ED50 | Cover | 0.17 ± 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.59 |
| ED50 | Uncover | 2.71 ± 0.17 | 15.71 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | 16.7 ± 23.13 | 1.55 ± 0.8 | 0.69 ± 0.66 |
| Uncover | 21.05 ± 5.43 | 7.23 ± 0.92 | 5.03 ± 0.45 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 | 0.21 ± 0.12 | -2.58 | 0.01 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 6.55 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 | 0.14 ± 0.13 | -6.47 | 0.00 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of north (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 1.38 ± 0.98 | 1.39 | 0.18 |
| Slope | Uncover | 2.24 ± 0.28 | 7.76 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 100 | ||
| Asymptote | Uncover | 100 | ||
| ED50 | Cover | 0.31 ± 0.42 | 0.74 | 0.46 |
| ED50 | Uncover | 2.71 ± 0.17 | 15.71 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | 8.83 ± 10.1 | 1.55 ± 0.62 | 0.86 ± 0.59 |
| Uncover | 21.1 ± 5.41 | 7.23 ± 0.92 | 5.03 ± 0.45 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 | 0.41 ± 0.49 | -1.18 | 0.25 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 | 0.21 ± 0.09 | -8.64 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 | 0.17 ± 0.11 | -6.95 | 0.00 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 5.01 ± 36.04 | 0.13 | 0.89 |
| Slope | Uncover | 2.86 ± 0.31 | 9.19 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 100 | ||
| Asymptote | Uncover | 100 | ||
| ED50 | Cover | 0.75 ± 3.80 | 0.19 | 0.84 |
| ED50 | Uncover | 2.42 ± 0.10 | 23.6 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | 1.90 ± 3.07 | 1.17 ± 2.19 | 1.00 ± 3.02 |
| Uncover | 12.0 ± 2.08 | 5.22 ± 0.45 | 3.93 ± 0.24 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 | 0.15 ± 0.25 | -3.28 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 | 0.22 ± 0.42 | -1.84 | 0.08 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 | 0.25 ± 0.76 | -0.96 | 0.34 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of south (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
| Parameter | Transect | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | north | 1.18 ± 0.15 | 7.47 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | Middle | 5.00 ± 2.72 | 1.83 | 0.08 . |
| Slope | South | 1.20 ± 0.32 | 3.69 | 0.01 *** |
| Asymptote | north | 100 | ||
| Asymptote | Middle | 100 | ||
| Asymptote | South | 100 | ||
| ED50 | north | 1.61 ± 0.29 | 5.54 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Middle | 3.34 ± 0.32 | 10.43 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | South | 0.91 ± 0.43 | 2.09 | 0.05 . |
| Transect | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| North | 78.0 ± 28.36 | 10.31 ± 1.17 | 5.20 ± 0.39 |
| Middle | 8.36 ± 3.40 | 5.18 ± 0.76 | 4.41 ± 0.26 |
| South | 41.5 ± 24.3 | 5.64 ± 0.71 | 2.87 ± 0.55 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Middle/North:ED1/ED1 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | -1.52 | 0.00 |
| Middle/South:ED1/ED1 | 0.20 ± 0.14 | -5.54 | 0.00 |
| North/South:ED1/ED1 | 1.88 ± 1.29 | 0.67 | 0.50 |
| Middle/North:ED10/ED10 | 0.50 ± 0.09 | -5.31 | 0.00 |
| Middle/South:ED10/ED10 | 0.94 ± 0.17 | 0.45 | 0.65 |
| North/South:ED10/ED10 | -0.91 ± -0.18 | -0.45 | 0.65 |
| Middle/North:ED20/ED20 | -0.84 ± -0.08 | -1.83 | 0.08 |
| Middle/South:ED20/ED20 | 1.53 ± 0.31 | 1.72 | 0.10 |
| North/South:ED20/ED20 | 1.81 ± 0.37 | 2.15 | 0.04 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of transect (north, middle, and south) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of north (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of transect north, middle, and south at 21 DAT in Indiana.
The study was conducted in 53 of a 300 acre field at Van Gilder Farms Fowlerville, Michigan (Figure 12).
Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Michigan.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Michigan presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.
Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]
where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Michigan presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.
Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).
Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Michigan.
Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Michigan
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 1.41 ± 0.66 | 2.11 | 0.04185 * |
| Slope | Uncover | 2.55 ± 0.22 | 11.53 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 14.96 ± 2.46 | 6.08 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 59.63 ± 1.22 | 48.68 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 0.54 ± 0.33 | 1.63 | 0.11 |
| ED50 | Uncover | 10.73 ± 0.29 | 36.65 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover | 52.86 ± 6.93 | 20.10 ± 1.03 | 14.03 ± 0.40 |
| Cover | 3.52 ± 2.05 | 0.32 ± 0.26 | NA |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover/Cover:ED1/ED1 | 14.97 ± 8.94 | 1.51 | 0.12 |
| Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 | 60.93 ± 49.07 | 1.22 | 0.22 |
| Uncover/Cover:ED20/ED20 | NA | NA | NA |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated at A (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 2.27 ± 0.26 | 8.65 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | Uncover | 1.60 ± 0.14 | 11.32 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 14.91 ± 0.87 | 17.12 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 19.83 ± 0.96 | 20.64 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 2.59 ± 0.26 | 9.94 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Uncover | 1.78 ± 0.18 | 10.01 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover | 11.13 ± 1.36 | 1.76 ± 0.17 | NA |
| Cover | 8.25 ± 0.81 | 1.89 ± 0.24 | NA |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover/Cover:ED1/ED1 | 1.35 ± 0.21 | 1.64 | 0.10 |
| Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 | 0.93 ± 0.15 | -4.43 | 0.66 |
| Uncover/Cover:ED20/ED20 | NA | NA | NA |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at B (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 2.04 ± 0.71 | 2.89 | 0.00 ** |
| Slope | Uncover | 2.70 ± 0.34 | 7.87 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 9.64 ± 1.73 | 5.55 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 35.72 ± 1.73 | 20.66 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 2.79 ± 0.95 | 2.93 | 0.00 ** |
| ED50 | Uncover | 2.35 ± 0.19 | 12.26 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover | 8.76 ± 1.01 | 3.34 ± 0.18 | 2.15 ± 0.19 |
| Cover | 8.02 ± 1.87 | NA | NA |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 | 1.09 ± 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.974 |
| Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 | NA | NA | NA |
| Uncover/Cover:ED20/ED20 | NA | NA | NA |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at C (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
| Parameter | Transect | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | A | 6.93 ± 1.65 | 4.19 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | B | 0.69 ± 0.19 | 3.49 | 0.00 ** |
| Slope | C | 1.27 ± 0.18 | 6.98 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | A | 50.84 ± 1.14 | 44.26 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | B | 17.75 ± 2.63 | 6.74 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | C | 38.25 ± 2.72 | 14.02 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | A | 10.73 ± 0.82 | 12.93 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | B | 3.43 ± 1.93 | 1.77 | 0.08 . |
| ED50 | C | 5.70 ± 1.14 | 4.96 | 0.00 *** |
| Transect | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 18.87 ± 3.35 | 13.15 ± 1.38 | 11.42 ± 0.95 |
| B | 196.98 ± 217.98 | 2.38 ± 1.44 | NA |
| C | 98.20 ± 33.82 | 12.90 ± 2.19 | 5.30 ± 1.09 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| A/B:E1/E1 | 0.09 ± 0.10 | -8.42 | 0.00 |
| A/C:E1/E1 | 0.19 ± 0.07 | -1.08 | 0.00 |
| B/C:E1/E1 | 2.00 ± 2.32 | 0.43 | 0.66 |
| A/B:E10/E10 | 5.51 ± 3.38 | 1.33 | 0.19 |
| A/C:E10/E10 | 1.01 ± 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.92 |
| B/C:E10/E10 | 0.18 ± 0.11 | -7.01 | 0.00 |
| A/B:E20/E20 | NA | NA | NA |
| A/C:E20/E20 | 2.15 ± 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| B/C:E20/E20 | NA | NA | NA |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the A location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the B location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the C location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.
The study was conducted in a soybean field at West Central Research and Extension of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Figure 6).
Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Nebraska.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Nebraska presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the four-parameter logistic model (Equation 2) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.
Equation 2: \[Y= c + \frac{d - c}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]
where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope, c is the lower limit, and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y).
In some of the Nebraska curves were not possible to estimate the EDs. Beacuse of estimate values never reached 1, 10, or 20% non-Xtend soybean injury, or because the standard error (SE) was higher than the estimate value.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Nebraska presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.
Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).
Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Nebraska.
Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Nebraska
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | -85.48 ± 213.36 | -.40 | 0.69 |
| Slope | Uncover | 26.51 ± 275.86 | 0.09 | 0.92 |
| Lower limit | Cover | 35.83 ± 0.65 | 54.32 | 0.00 *** |
| Lower limit | Uncover | 44.99 ± 0.68 | 65.27 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 40.05 ± 1.39 | 28.65 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 65.03 ± 3.09 | 20.99 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 13.13 ± 1.81 | 7.22 | 0.00 |
| ED50 | Uncover | 5.85 ± 2.55 | 2.28 | 0.05 . |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 2.0 ± 9.21 | 0.21 | 0.82 |
| Slope | Uncover | 4.6 ± 5.42 | 0.84 | 0.40 |
| Lower limit | Cover | 5.4 ± 307.7 | 0.0 | 0.98 |
| Lower limit | Uncover | 40.2 ± 5.0 | 7.9 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 39.2 ± 15.4 | 2.5 | 0.02 * |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 67.3 ± 15.26 | 4.4 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 20.1 ± 156.5 | 0.1 | 0.90 |
| ED50 | Uncover | 6.6 ± 1.65 | 3.9 | 0.0 *** |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 10.5 ± 16.7 | 0.6 | 0.53 |
| Slope | Uncover | 1.92 ± 7.26 | 0.26 | 0.79 |
| Lower limit | Cover | 25.3 ± 9.0 | 2.8 | 0.00 ** |
| Lower limit | Uncover | 38.5 ± 34.55 | 1.11 | 0.27 |
| Asymptote | Cover | 47.16 ± 4.54 | 10.4 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 120.3 ± 548.1 | 0.21 | 0.82 |
| ED50 | Cover | 10.7 ± 1.54 | 6.88 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Uncover | 4.84 ± 29.2 | 0.16 | 0.86 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 3 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
There is no model convergence for Non-Xtend soybean height.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 3 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
The study was conducted in a soybean field at Dresden, Ontario in Canada (Figure X).
Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Ontario.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Ontario presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.
Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]
where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Ontario presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.
Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).
Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Ontario.
Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Ontario
No injury was observed under the covered area of non-Xtend soybean.
| Parameter | Uncover | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | 1 | 17.02 ± 38.02 | 0.55 | 0.65 |
| Slope | 2 | 3.81 ± 0.29 | 12.9 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | 3 | 18.8 ± 38.9 | 0.48 | 0.63 |
| Asymptote | 1 | 18.0 ± 0.26 | 68.2 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | 2 | 16.3 ± 0.53 | 30.6 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | 3 | 9.99 ± 0.26 | 37.9 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | 1 | 9.73 ± 0.58 | 16.8 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | 2 | 9.36 ± 0.29 | 31.8 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | 3 | 10.5 ± 0.97 | 10.7 | 0.00 *** |
| Uncover | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.5 ± 3.59 | 9.61 ± 0.85 | NA ± NA |
| 2 | 19.1 ± 0.70 | 8.31 ± 0.32 | NA ± NA |
| 3 | 11.75 ± 3.94 | NA ± NA | NA ± NA |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2:ED1/ED1 | 0.60 ± 0.18 | -2.11 | 0.05 |
| 1/3:ED1/ED1 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 6.55 | 0.00 |
| 2/3:ED1/ED1 | 0.14 ± 0.13 | -6.47 | 0.00 |
| 1/2:ED10/ED10 | 1.15 ± 0.11 | 1.39 | 0.18 |
| 1/3:ED10/ED10 | NA | NA | NA |
| 2/3:ED10/ED10 | NA | NA | NA |
| 1/2:ED20/ED20 | NA | NA | NA |
| 1/3:ED20/ED20 | NA | NA | NA |
| 2/3:ED20/ED20 | NA | NA | NA |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area oof uncover area (1, 2, 3) at 21 DAT in Ontario.
There is no model convergence for Non-Xtend soybean height.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.
The study was conducted in a 8 acres soybean field at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Figure 1).
Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Wisconsin.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Wisconsin presented here was collected from three diferent (replications) soybean plant distance-1 at 28 DAT. Therefore, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.
Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]
where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Wisconsin presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 28 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.
Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).
Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Wisconsin.
Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Wisconsin
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 2.03 ± 0.15 | 13.5 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | Uncover | 2.99 ± 0.19 | 13.45 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 42.38 ± 1.19 | 35.5 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 43.63 ± 0.92 | 47.2 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 3.94 ± 0.18 | 21.0 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Uncover | 5.80 ± 0.15 | 38.3 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m)(± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover | 20.3 ± 1.40 | 8.70 ± 0.21 | 6.13 ± 0.14 |
| Cover | 24.69 ± 2.63 | 7.04 ± 0.24 | 4.17 ± 0.18 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 | 0.08 ± 0.11 | -1.48 | 0.13 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 | 1.23 ± 0.05 | 4.18 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 | 1.47 ± 0.08 | 5.86 | 0.00 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.
| Parameter | Area | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 3.73 ± 0.31 | 11.7 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | Uncover | 3.47 ± 0.23 | 15.3 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 40.2 ± 1.0 | 39.8 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 44.9 ± 0.92 | 48.3 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 31.6 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Uncover | 5.66 ± 0.13 | 40.9 | 0.00 *** |
| Area | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover | 16.79 ± 0.99 | 8.11 ± 0.2 | 6.03 ± 0.13 |
| Cover | 8.67 ± 0.59 | 4.37 ± 0.11 | 3.26 ± 0.10 |
| Tarp | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | -10.3 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | -26.0 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 | 0.54 ± 0.02 | -22.0 | 0.00 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-2 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.
| Parameter | Tarp | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | Cover | 2.34 ± 0.13 | 17.7 | 0.00 *** |
| Slope | Uncover | 2.6 ± 0.12 | 20.9 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Cover | 38.9 ± 0.9 | 41.7 | 0.00 *** |
| Asymptote | Uncover | 43.73 ± 0.9 | 50.4 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Cover | 2.34 ± 0.08 | 26.1 | 0.00 *** |
| ED50 | Uncover | 4.19 ± 0.11 | 37.9 | 0.00 *** |
| Tarp | ED1 (m) (± SE) | ED10 (m) (± SE) | ED20 (m) (± SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncover | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 6.7 ± 0.13 | 4.5 ± 0.14 |
| Cover | 11.1 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.11 | 2.3 ± 0.1 |
| Comparison | Estimate (± SE) | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 | 0.62 ± 0.05 | -6.7 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | -22.4 | 0.00 |
| Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 | -0.51 ± 0.02 | -20.7 | 0.00 |
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-3 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.
This tarp area showed low or no injury on non-Xtend soybean (upwind direction). Therefore, the present the raw data.
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area at S-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.
## Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite values (stat_smooth).
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-2 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-3 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at S-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.