PROJECT LEADER

Bayer Crop Science

Bayer Crop Science: Dr. Ryan Rector

Arkansas

University of Arkansas: Dr. Jason Norsworthy

Indiana

Purdue University: Dr. Bryan Young

Michigan

Michigan State University: Dr. Christy Sprage

Nebraska

University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Dr. Greg Kruger

Ontario

University of Guelph: Dr. Peter Sikkema

Wisconsin

University of Wisconsin-Madison: Dr. Rodrigo Werle

Experiment locations of the large volatility dicamba study in 2018

Experiment locations of the large volatility dicamba study in 2018

ARKANSAS

Location

The study was conducted in a soybean field at Proctor, Arkansas (Figure 1)

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Arkansas.

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Arkansas.

Modeling

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Arkansas presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 22 and 29 days after treatment (DAT) but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.

Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]

where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). Data from 22 and 29 DAT are presented.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Arkansas presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 22 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.

Wind

Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s^1^) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Arkansas.

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Arkansas.

Transects

Results at 22 DAT

Dicamba injury (%) in non-Xtend soybeans

Area located in the upwind direction 1, 2, and 3

Parameters of the log-logistic model at west upwind transects (1, 2, and 3) at 22 DAT in Arkansas.
Parameter Transect Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope West Transect 1 3.99 ± 1.13 3.51 0.02 *
Slope West Transect 2 3.87 ± 1.12 3.45 0.02 *
Slope West Transect 3 1.84 ± 0.88 2.08 0.10
Asymptote West Transect 1 44.92 ± 5.81 7.73 0.00 **
Asymptote West Transect 2 52.59 ± 8.63 6.09 0.00 **
Asymptote West Transect 3 117.40 ± 353.09 0.33 0.75 ***
ED50 West Transect 1 25.73 ± 3.11 8.25 0.00 **
ED50 West Transect 2 24.12 ± 3.59 6.71 0.00 **
ED50 West Transect 3 8.54 ± 20.73 0.41 0.70
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at westupwind transects (1, 2, and 3) at 22 DAT in Arkansas.
Transect ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
West Transect 1 66.36 ± 11.30 35.20 ± 2.04 27.19 ± 2.92
West Transect 2 66.82 ± 11.08 35.07 ± 2.19 27.36 ± 3.16
West Transect 3 111.95 ± 140.36 30.85 ± 56.57 20.11 ± 40.84
Comparison of EDs among west upwind transects (1, 2, and 3) at 22 DAT in Arkansas.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
West Transect 1/West Transect 2:E1/E1 0.99 ± 0.23 -0.02 0.97
West Transect 1/West Transect 3:E1/E1 0.59 ± 0.75 -0.53 0.61
West Transect 2/West Transect 3:E1/E1 0.59 ± 0.76 -0.53 0.62
West Transect 1/West Transect 2:E10/E10 1.00 ± 0.08 0.04 0.96
West Transect 1/West Transect 3:E10/E10 1.14 ± 2.11 0.06 0.94
West Transect 2/West Transect 3:E10/E10 1.13 ± 2.10 0.06 0.95
West Transect 1/West Transect 2:E20/E20 0.99 ± 0.15 -0.04 0.96
West Transect 1/West Transect 3:E20/E20 1.35 ± 2.77 0.12 0.90
West Transect 2/West Transect 3:E20/E20 1.36 ± 2.79 0.13 0.90
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the upwind west transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the upwind west transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Area located in the downwind direction 1, 2, and 3.

Parameters of the log-logistic model at east downwind transects (1, 2, and 3) at 22 DAT in Arkansas.
Parameter Transect Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope East Transect 1 3.44 ± 0.35 9.60 0.00 ***
Slope East Transect 2 2.46 ± 0.22 10.82 0.00 ***
Slope East Transect 3 2.03 ± 0.22 9.26 0.00 ***
Asymptote East Transect 1 50.26 ± 1.97 25.47 0.00 ***
Asymptote East Transect 2 52.20 ± 2.35 22.18 0.00 ***
Asymptote East Transect 3 51.90 ± 4.07 12.72 0.00 ***
ED50 East Transect 1 69.44 ± 2.95 23.47 0.00 ***
ED50 East Transect 2 71.08 ± 4.18 17.00 0.00 ***
ED50 East Transect 3 52.02 ± 6.01 8.64 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at east downwind transects (1, 2, and 3) at 22 DAT in Arkansas.
Transect ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
West Transect 1 215.55 ± 22.21 104.09 ± 4.36 78.32 ± 2.95
West Transect 2 350.70 ± 41.41 127.46 ± 6.04 86.23 ± 4.23
West Transect 3 358.72 ± 47.04 105.18 ± 7.22 65.44 ± 6.30
Comparison of EDs among east downwind transects (1, 2, and 3) at 22 DAT in Arkansas.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
EastTransect 1/East Transect 2:E1/E1 0.61 ± 0.09 -4.00 0.00
East Transect 1/East Transect 3:E1/E1 0.60 ± 0.10 -3.98 0.00
East Transect 2/East Transect 3:E1/E1 0.97 ± 0.17 -0.12 0.89
East Transect 1/East Transect 2:E10/E10 0.81 ± 0.05 -3.54 0.00
East Transect 1/East Transect 3:E10/E10 0.98 ± 0.07 -0.12 0.89
East Transect 2/East Transect 3:E10/E10 1.21 ± -0.10 2.09 0.04
East Transect 1/East Transect 2:E20/E20 0.90 ± 0.05 -1.63 0.11
East Transect 1/East Transect 3:E20/E20 1.19 ± 0.12 1.58 -0.11
East Transect 2/East Transect 3:E20/E20 1.32 ± 0.14 2.22 -0.03
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind east transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind east transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybeans height

Area located in the upwind direction 1, 2, and 3

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the upwind west transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the upwind west transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybeans height

Area located in the downwind direction 1, 2, and 3

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind east transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind east transect 1, 2, and 3 in Arkansas at 22 DAT.

Results at 29 DAT

Dicamba injury (%) in non-Xtend soybeans

Parameters of the log-logistic model of four sides of the treated area (N, E, S, W) at 29 DAT in Arkansas.
Parameter Transect Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope N 7.25 ± 1.75 4.13 0.00 ***
Slope E 1.82 ± 0.26 6.81 0.00 ***
Slope S 2.62 ± 0.28 9.10 0.00 ***
Slope W 2.22 ± 0.32 6.95 0.00 ***
Asymptote N 45.54 ± 0.92 48.99 0.00 ***
Asymptote E 73.78 ± 12.36 5.96 0.00 ***
Asymptote S 57.18 ± 2.96 19.28 0.00 ***
Asymptote W 51.45 ± 4.65 11.05 0.00 ***
ED50 N 273.69 ± 7.41 36.91 0.00 ***
ED50 E 27.77 ± 6.36 4.36 0.00 ***
ED50 S 62.73 ± 4.09 15.30 0.00 ***
ED50 W 42.61 ± 5.06 8.42 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans of four sides of the treated area (N, E, S, W) at 29 DAT in Arkansas.
Transect ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
N 461.94 ± 67.33 325.98 ± 20.67 283.10 ± 9.34
E 292.17 ± 50.04 76.79 ± 8.82 47.80 ± 7.70
S 291.65 ± 39.08 113.37 ± 5.99 79.47 ± 4.10
W 247.68 ± 44.95 80.67 ± 6.31 52.21 ± 5.15
Comparison of EDs among four sides of the treated area (N, E, S, W) at 29 DAT in Arkansas.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
E/N:ED1/ED1 0.63 ± 0.14 -2.58 0.01
E/S:ED1/ED1 1.00 ± 0.21 0.00 0.99
E/W:ED1/ED1 1.17 ± 0.29 0.61 0.54
N/S:ED1/ED1 1.58 ± 0.31 1.86 0.06
N/W:ED1/ED1 1.86 ± 0.43 1.99 0.05
S/W:ED1/ED1 1.17 ± 0.26 0.66 0.50
E/N:ED10/ED10 0.23 ± 0.03 -24.7 0.00
E/S:ED10/ED10 0.67 ± 0.08 -3.76 0.00
E/W:ED10/ED10 0.95 ± 0.13 -0.36 0.71
N/S:ED10/ED10 2.87 ± 0.23 7.90 0.00
N/W:ED10/ED10 4.04 ± 0.40 7.46 0.00
S/W:ED10/ED10 1.40 ± 0.13 3.05 0.00
E/N:ED20/ED20 0.16 ± 0.02 -2.99 0.00
E/S:ED20/ED20 0.60 ± 0.10 -3.91 0.00
E/W:ED20/ED20 0.91 ± 0.17 -0.48 0.06
N/S:ED20/ED20 3.56 ± 0.21 1.17 0.00
N/W:ED20/ED20 5.42 ± 0.56 7.83 0.00
S/W:ED20/ED20 1.52 ± 0.16 3.08 0.00
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of four sides of the treated area (N, E, S, W) at 29 DAT in Arkansas.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of four sides of the treated area (N, E, S, W) at 29 DAT in Arkansas.

INDIANA

Location

The study was conducted in a soybean field at XXXXX of the Purdue University (Figure X).

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Indiana.

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Indiana.

Modeling

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Indiana presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.

Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]

where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Arkansas presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.

Wind

Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s^1^) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Indiana.

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Indiana.

Transects

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Indiana

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Indiana

Results at 21 DAT

Dicamba injury (%) in non-Xtend soybeans

Area located in the North direction (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model of north direction (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 1.01 ± 0.68 1.47 0.16
Slope Uncover 2.24 ± 0.29 7.72 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 100
Asymptote Uncover 100
ED50 Cover 0.17 ± 0.32 0.54 0.59
ED50 Uncover 2.71 ± 0.17 15.71 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans of north direction (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Cover 16.7 ± 23.13 1.55 ± 0.8 0.69 ± 0.66
Uncover 21.05 ± 5.43 7.23 ± 0.92 5.03 ± 0.45
Comparison of EDs among four sides of north direction (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 0.21 ± 0.12 -2.58 0.01
Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 1.00 ± 0.21 6.55 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 0.14 ± 0.13 -6.47 0.00
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of north (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of north (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Area located in the Middle (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 1.38 ± 0.98 1.39 0.18
Slope Uncover 2.24 ± 0.28 7.76 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 100
Asymptote Uncover 100
ED50 Cover 0.31 ± 0.42 0.74 0.46
ED50 Uncover 2.71 ± 0.17 15.71 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Cover 8.83 ± 10.1 1.55 ± 0.62 0.86 ± 0.59
Uncover 21.1 ± 5.41 7.23 ± 0.92 5.03 ± 0.45
Comparison of EDs among four sides of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 0.41 ± 0.49 -1.18 0.25
Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 0.21 ± 0.09 -8.64 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 0.17 ± 0.11 -6.95 0.00
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Area located in the South (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model of south (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 5.01 ± 36.04 0.13 0.89
Slope Uncover 2.86 ± 0.31 9.19 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 100
Asymptote Uncover 100
ED50 Cover 0.75 ± 3.80 0.19 0.84
ED50 Uncover 2.42 ± 0.10 23.6 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans of south (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Cover 1.90 ± 3.07 1.17 ± 2.19 1.00 ± 3.02
Uncover 12.0 ± 2.08 5.22 ± 0.45 3.93 ± 0.24
Comparison of EDs among four sides of south (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 0.15 ± 0.25 -3.28 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 0.22 ± 0.42 -1.84 0.08
Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 0.25 ± 0.76 -0.96 0.34
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of south (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of south (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Area located in the Transects (north, middle, ans south)

Parameters of the log-logistic model of transect north, middle, and south at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Parameter Transect Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope north 1.18 ± 0.15 7.47 0.00 ***
Slope Middle 5.00 ± 2.72 1.83 0.08 .
Slope South 1.20 ± 0.32 3.69 0.01 ***
Asymptote north 100
Asymptote Middle 100
Asymptote South 100
ED50 north 1.61 ± 0.29 5.54 0.00 ***
ED50 Middle 3.34 ± 0.32 10.43 0.00 ***
ED50 South 0.91 ± 0.43 2.09 0.05 .
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans of transect north, middle, and south at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Transect ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
North 78.0 ± 28.36 10.31 ± 1.17 5.20 ± 0.39
Middle 8.36 ± 3.40 5.18 ± 0.76 4.41 ± 0.26
South 41.5 ± 24.3 5.64 ± 0.71 2.87 ± 0.55
Comparison of EDs among four sides of transect north, middle, and south at 21 DAT in Indiana.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Middle/North:ED1/ED1 0.11 ± 0.05 -1.52 0.00
Middle/South:ED1/ED1 0.20 ± 0.14 -5.54 0.00
North/South:ED1/ED1 1.88 ± 1.29 0.67 0.50
Middle/North:ED10/ED10 0.50 ± 0.09 -5.31 0.00
Middle/South:ED10/ED10 0.94 ± 0.17 0.45 0.65
North/South:ED10/ED10 -0.91 ± -0.18 -0.45 0.65
Middle/North:ED20/ED20 -0.84 ± -0.08 -1.83 0.08
Middle/South:ED20/ED20 1.53 ± 0.31 1.72 0.10
North/South:ED20/ED20 1.81 ± 0.37 2.15 0.04
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of transect (north, middle, and south) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of transect (north, middle, and south) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybeans height

Area located in the North direction (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of north (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of north (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Area located in the Middle direction (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Area located in the South direction (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of middle (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Area located in the Transects (north, middle, and south)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of transect north, middle, and south at 21 DAT in Indiana.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area of transect north, middle, and south at 21 DAT in Indiana.

MICHIGAN

Location

The study was conducted in 53 of a 300 acre field at Van Gilder Farms Fowlerville, Michigan (Figure 12).

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Michigan.

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Michigan.

Modeling

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Michigan presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.

Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]

where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Michigan presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.

Wind

Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s^1^) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Michigan.

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Michigan.

Transects

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Michigan

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Michigan

Results at 21 DAT

Dicamba injury (%) in non-Xtend soybeans

Area located at downwind A (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at area A (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 1.41 ± 0.66 2.11 0.04185 *
Slope Uncover 2.55 ± 0.22 11.53 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 14.96 ± 2.46 6.08 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 59.63 ± 1.22 48.68 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 0.54 ± 0.33 1.63 0.11
ED50 Uncover 10.73 ± 0.29 36.65 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at area A (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Uncover 52.86 ± 6.93 20.10 ± 1.03 14.03 ± 0.40
Cover 3.52 ± 2.05 0.32 ± 0.26 NA
Comparison of EDs between UNcover and non cover areas in non-Xtend soybeans at area A (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Uncover/Cover:ED1/ED1 14.97 ± 8.94 1.51 0.12
Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 60.93 ± 49.07 1.22 0.22
Uncover/Cover:ED20/ED20 NA NA NA
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated at A (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated at A (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Area located at downwind B (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at area B (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 2.27 ± 0.26 8.65 0.00 ***
Slope Uncover 1.60 ± 0.14 11.32 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 14.91 ± 0.87 17.12 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 19.83 ± 0.96 20.64 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 2.59 ± 0.26 9.94 0.00 ***
ED50 Uncover 1.78 ± 0.18 10.01 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at area B (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Uncover 11.13 ± 1.36 1.76 ± 0.17 NA
Cover 8.25 ± 0.81 1.89 ± 0.24 NA
Comparison of EDs between uncover and non cover areas in non-Xtend soybeans at area B (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Uncover/Cover:ED1/ED1 1.35 ± 0.21 1.64 0.10
Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 0.93 ± 0.15 -4.43 0.66
Uncover/Cover:ED20/ED20 NA NA NA
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at B (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at B (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Area located at downwind C (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at area C (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 2.04 ± 0.71 2.89 0.00 **
Slope Uncover 2.70 ± 0.34 7.87 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 9.64 ± 1.73 5.55 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 35.72 ± 1.73 20.66 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 2.79 ± 0.95 2.93 0.00 **
ED50 Uncover 2.35 ± 0.19 12.26 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at area C (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Uncover 8.76 ± 1.01 3.34 ± 0.18 2.15 ± 0.19
Cover 8.02 ± 1.87 NA NA
Comparison of EDs between UNcover and non cover areas in non-Xtend soybeans at area C (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 1.09 ± 0.28 0.32 0.974
Uncover/Cover:ED10/ED10 NA NA NA
Uncover/Cover:ED20/ED20 NA NA NA
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at C (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at C (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Area located in the transect (A, B, and C)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Parameter Transect Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope A 6.93 ± 1.65 4.19 0.00 ***
Slope B 0.69 ± 0.19 3.49 0.00 **
Slope C 1.27 ± 0.18 6.98 0.00 ***
Asymptote A 50.84 ± 1.14 44.26 0.00 ***
Asymptote B 17.75 ± 2.63 6.74 0.00 ***
Asymptote C 38.25 ± 2.72 14.02 0.00 ***
ED50 A 10.73 ± 0.82 12.93 0.00 ***
ED50 B 3.43 ± 1.93 1.77 0.08 .
ED50 C 5.70 ± 1.14 4.96 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Transect ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
A 18.87 ± 3.35 13.15 ± 1.38 11.42 ± 0.95
B 196.98 ± 217.98 2.38 ± 1.44 NA
C 98.20 ± 33.82 12.90 ± 2.19 5.30 ± 1.09
Comparison of EDs among transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
A/B:E1/E1 0.09 ± 0.10 -8.42 0.00
A/C:E1/E1 0.19 ± 0.07 -1.08 0.00
B/C:E1/E1 2.00 ± 2.32 0.43 0.66
A/B:E10/E10 5.51 ± 3.38 1.33 0.19
A/C:E10/E10 1.01 ± 0.20 0.09 0.92
B/C:E10/E10 0.18 ± 0.11 -7.01 0.00
A/B:E20/E20 NA NA NA
A/C:E20/E20 2.15 ± 0.48 0.02 0.00
B/C:E20/E20 NA NA NA
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybeans height

Area located at downwind A (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the A location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the A location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Area located at downwind B (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the B location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the B location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Area located at downwind C (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the C location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the C location (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Area located in the transect A, B, and C

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the at transect (A, B, and C) locations at 21 DAT in Michigan.

NEBRASKA

Location

The study was conducted in a soybean field at West Central Research and Extension of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Figure 6).

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Nebraska.

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Nebraska.

Modeling

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Nebraska presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the four-parameter logistic model (Equation 2) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.

Equation 2: \[Y= c + \frac{d - c}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]

where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope, c is the lower limit, and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y).

In some of the Nebraska curves were not possible to estimate the EDs. Beacuse of estimate values never reached 1, 10, or 20% non-Xtend soybean injury, or because the standard error (SE) was higher than the estimate value.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Nebraska presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.

Wind

Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s^1^) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Nebraska.

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Nebraska.

Transects

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Nebraska

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Nebraska

Results at 21 DAT

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%)

Area 1 (cover or uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at the area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover -85.48 ± 213.36 -.40 0.69
Slope Uncover 26.51 ± 275.86 0.09 0.92
Lower limit Cover 35.83 ± 0.65 54.32 0.00 ***
Lower limit Uncover 44.99 ± 0.68 65.27 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 40.05 ± 1.39 28.65 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 65.03 ± 3.09 20.99 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 13.13 ± 1.81 7.22 0.00
ED50 Uncover 5.85 ± 2.55 2.28 0.05 .
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Area 2 (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at the Area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 2.0 ± 9.21 0.21 0.82
Slope Uncover 4.6 ± 5.42 0.84 0.40
Lower limit Cover 5.4 ± 307.7 0.0 0.98
Lower limit Uncover 40.2 ± 5.0 7.9 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 39.2 ± 15.4 2.5 0.02 *
Asymptote Uncover 67.3 ± 15.26 4.4 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 20.1 ± 156.5 0.1 0.90
ED50 Uncover 6.6 ± 1.65 3.9 0.0 ***
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Area 3 (cover and uncover)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at the Area 3 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 10.5 ± 16.7 0.6 0.53
Slope Uncover 1.92 ± 7.26 0.26 0.79
Lower limit Cover 25.3 ± 9.0 2.8 0.00 **
Lower limit Uncover 38.5 ± 34.55 1.11 0.27
Asymptote Cover 47.16 ± 4.54 10.4 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 120.3 ± 548.1 0.21 0.82
ED50 Cover 10.7 ± 1.54 6.88 0.00 ***
ED50 Uncover 4.84 ± 29.2 0.16 0.86
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 3 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area in the downwind area 3 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Non-Xtend soybeans height

There is no model convergence for Non-Xtend soybean height.

Area located at 1 (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Area located at 2 (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Area located at 3 (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 3 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 3 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Nebraska.

ONTARIO

Location

The study was conducted in a soybean field at Dresden, Ontario in Canada (Figure X).

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Ontario.

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Ontario.

Modeling

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Ontario presented here was collected in from one soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT but without replication. Nonetheless, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.

Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]

where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Ontario presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 21 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.

Wind

Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s^1^) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Ontario.

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Ontario.

Transects

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Ontario

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Ontario

Results at 21 DAT

Area located in the Cover location.

No injury was observed under the covered area of non-Xtend soybean.

Area located in the Uncover location.

Parameters of the log-logistic model of uncover area (1, 2, 3) at 21 DAT in Ontario.
Parameter Uncover Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope 1 17.02 ± 38.02 0.55 0.65
Slope 2 3.81 ± 0.29 12.9 0.00 ***
Slope 3 18.8 ± 38.9 0.48 0.63
Asymptote 1 18.0 ± 0.26 68.2 0.00 ***
Asymptote 2 16.3 ± 0.53 30.6 0.00 ***
Asymptote 3 9.99 ± 0.26 37.9 0.00 ***
ED50 1 9.73 ± 0.58 16.8 0.00 ***
ED50 2 9.36 ± 0.29 31.8 0.00 ***
ED50 3 10.5 ± 0.97 10.7 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans of uncover area (1, 2, 3) at 21 DAT in Ontario.
Uncover ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
1 11.5 ± 3.59 9.61 ± 0.85 NA ± NA
2 19.1 ± 0.70 8.31 ± 0.32 NA ± NA
3 11.75 ± 3.94 NA ± NA NA ± NA
Comparison of EDs among four sides of uncover area (1, 2, 3) at 21 DAT in Ontario.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
1/2:ED1/ED1 0.60 ± 0.18 -2.11 0.05
1/3:ED1/ED1 1.00 ± 0.21 6.55 0.00
2/3:ED1/ED1 0.14 ± 0.13 -6.47 0.00
1/2:ED10/ED10 1.15 ± 0.11 1.39 0.18
1/3:ED10/ED10 NA NA NA
2/3:ED10/ED10 NA NA NA
1/2:ED20/ED20 NA NA NA
1/3:ED20/ED20 NA NA NA
2/3:ED20/ED20 NA NA NA
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area oof uncover area (1, 2, 3) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area oof uncover area (1, 2, 3) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

Non-Xtend soybeans height

There is no model convergence for Non-Xtend soybean height.

Area located at 1 (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 1 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

Area located at 2 (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

Area located at 3 (cover and uncover)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area 2 (cover and uncover) at 21 DAT in Ontario.

WISCONSIN

Location

The study was conducted in a 8 acres soybean field at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Figure 1).

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Wisconsin.

Aerial view of the large scale volatility trial in Wisconsin.

Modeling

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) (visual data) from Wisconsin presented here was collected from three diferent (replications) soybean plant distance-1 at 28 DAT. Therefore, we use the three-parameter logistic model (Equation 1) for fitting soybean injury (%) with distance from the area treated with dicamba.

Equation 1: \[Y= \frac{d}{(1 + exp[b(logx - loge)]} \]

where Y is the soybean injury (%), x is the distance (m) from the dicamba treated area. in The parameter d is the upper limit (asymptote), b is the slope and the parameter e is the ED50 (effective x that causes 50% reduction in Y). The upper limit of the model is locked at 100. Only data recorded 21 DAT is presented.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) from Wisconsin presented here was collected from 10 soybean plant distance-1 at 28 DAT. Loess local regression was fitted to the data.

Wind

Frequency of wind direction and speed (m/s) three days after dicamaba application (Figure X).

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s^1^) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Wisconsin.

Wind rose plots demonstrating the average wind frequency (%) and wind speed (m s1) grouped in 22.5° of direction (from which the wind is blowing) in Wisconsin.

Transects

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Wisconsin

Deposition of dicamba particles at the transects in Wisconsin

Results at 28 DAT

Non-Xtend soybean injury

Area located in the northwest of the dicamba treated block (N-1)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at the N-1 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 2.03 ± 0.15 13.5 0.00 ***
Slope Uncover 2.99 ± 0.19 13.45 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 42.38 ± 1.19 35.5 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 43.63 ± 0.92 47.2 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 3.94 ± 0.18 21.0 0.00 ***
ED50 Uncover 5.80 ± 0.15 38.3 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at the N-1 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m)(± SE)
Uncover 20.3 ± 1.40 8.70 ± 0.21 6.13 ± 0.14
Cover 24.69 ± 2.63 7.04 ± 0.24 4.17 ± 0.18
Comparison of EDs of non-Xtend soybeans at the N-1 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 0.08 ± 0.11 -1.48 0.13
Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 1.23 ± 0.05 4.18 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 1.47 ± 0.08 5.86 0.00
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Area located in the north (center) of the dicamba treated block (N-2)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at the N-2 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Parameter Area Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 3.73 ± 0.31 11.7 0.00 ***
Slope Uncover 3.47 ± 0.23 15.3 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 40.2 ± 1.0 39.8 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 44.9 ± 0.92 48.3 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 3.3 ± 0.1 31.6 0.00 ***
ED50 Uncover 5.66 ± 0.13 40.9 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at the N-2 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Area ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Uncover 16.79 ± 0.99 8.11 ± 0.2 6.03 ± 0.13
Cover 8.67 ± 0.59 4.37 ± 0.11 3.26 ± 0.10
Comparison of EDs of non-Xtend soybeans at the N-1 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Tarp Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 0.52 ± 0.04 -10.3 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 0.53 ± 0.02 -26.0 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 0.54 ± 0.02 -22.0 0.00
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-2 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-2 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Area located in the northeast of the dicamba treated block (N-3)

Parameters of the log-logistic model at the N-3 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Parameter Tarp Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Slope Cover 2.34 ± 0.13 17.7 0.00 ***
Slope Uncover 2.6 ± 0.12 20.9 0.00 ***
Asymptote Cover 38.9 ± 0.9 41.7 0.00 ***
Asymptote Uncover 43.73 ± 0.9 50.4 0.00 ***
ED50 Cover 2.34 ± 0.08 26.1 0.00 ***
ED50 Uncover 4.19 ± 0.11 37.9 0.00 ***
Estimation of the distance (m) that resulted in 1 (ED1), 10 (ED10), and 20% (ED20) injury on non-Xtend soybeans at the N-3 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Tarp ED1 (m) (± SE) ED10 (m) (± SE) ED20 (m) (± SE)
Uncover 17.7 ± 0.9 6.7 ± 0.13 4.5 ± 0.14
Cover 11.1 ± 0.8 3.7 ± 0.11 2.3 ± 0.1
Comparison of EDs of non-Xtend soybeans at the N-1 (cover and uncover) at 28 DAT in Wisconsin.
Comparison Estimate (± SE) t-value p-value
Cover/Uncover:ED1/ED1 0.62 ± 0.05 -6.7 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED10/ED10 0.55 ± 0.01 -22.4 0.00
Cover/Uncover:ED20/ED20 -0.51 ± 0.02 -20.7 0.00
Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-3 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-3 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Area located in the south (upwind) of the dicamba treated block (S-1)

This tarp area showed low or no injury on non-Xtend soybean (upwind direction). Therefore, the present the raw data.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area at S-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean injury (%) with distance (m) from the dicamba treated area at S-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean height

Area located in the northwest of the dicamba treated block (N-1)

## Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite values (stat_smooth).
Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Area located in the north (center) of the dicamba treated block (N-2)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-2 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-2 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Area located in the northeast of the dicamba treated block (N-3)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-3 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at N-3 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Area located in the south (upwind) of the dicamba treated block (S-1)

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at S-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.

Non-Xtend soybean height (cm) with distance (%) from the dicamba treated area at S-1 (cover and uncover) in Wisconsin at 28 DAT.